Describe and explain the periodic trends of the period 3 elements Na - Ar

Depict and clarify the intermittent patterns of the period 3 components Na - Ar Properties of the components of period 3 (Na - Ar) to represent the occasional trendsWhat is periodicity?Periodicity is the rehashing design in which the components are orchestrated in the intermittent table, these are a portion of the patterns appeared from taking a gander at the periodicity of the elements.Atomic radiusAn molecule doesn't have a fixed span. The span of a particle must be found by estimating the separation between the cores of two contacting iotas, and afterward dividing that separation. Nuclear range is estimated in nm.The chart shows that nuclear span diminishes over a period (from left to right). This is on the grounds that the quantity of protons in the core increments so the atomic charge increments. The power of fascination between the core and the electrons increments so the electrons are attracted all the more firmly to the core so the size of the molecule (and the nuclear core) decreases.chart of nuclear sweep versus nuclear number (not c...The nuclear span of Argon can't be estimated in light of the fact that it is an honorable gas so doesn't shape bonds.First Ionization energyThe first ionization vitality is the vitality required to evacuate the most approximately held electron from one mole of vaporous iotas to create 1 mole of vaporous separately charged positive particles. Ionization vitality is estimated in Kjmol.M(g) - M+(g) + e-First ionization vitality increments over a period on the grounds that going over the period the quantity of protons in the core increments so the atomic charge in every component increments along these lines the power of fascination between the core and external electron is expanded, and there is an insignificant increment in protecting in light of the fact that each progressive electron enters a similar vitality level so more vitality is expected to evacuate the external electron.Some inconsistencies happen in this chart and different diagrams of first ionization vitality. The Anomaly in this chart...

Many Ways to Break

Numerous Ways to Break Numerous Ways to Break Numerous Ways to Break By Mark Nichol How can one break? Which relational word follows the action word break depends, in American English phrase, on which kind of exacting or allegorical breaking is happening. To split away is to get away, to out of nowhere separate from a gathering, as in a race, to quit accomplishing something (likewise alluded to as taking a break), or to end or decrease one’s reliance on another. A piece of something is likewise supposed to be split away from an entirety. (See likewise â€Å"break up.†) â€Å"Break down† intends to capitulate to one’s feelings, or alludes to when something, for example, a vehicle, quits working, or to isolating something into parts or wrecking it; the thing structure is breakdown. To break for something is to quit accomplishing something, for example, working (likewise alluded to as taking a break), or to run toward something unexpectedly, as when attempting to get away. â€Å"Break in† intends to interfere, meddle, or attack. Also, one breaks an individual or a creature in via preparing him, her, or it; to break something in is to familiarize it to utilize. To break into intends to begin accomplishing something out of nowhere, as in â€Å"break into song† or â€Å"break into tears.† â€Å"Break into† can likewise be equal with â€Å"break in† or can allude to separating something into pieces. An attack of private property is known as a break-in. To sever is to out of nowhere hinder one’s discourse or a gathering or to cut off correspondence with somebody, or it can allude to a piece of something isolating from the entirety. â€Å"Break out† can allude to the beginning of a rash or another skin condition, to a break, or to an unexpected upheaval or to the start of an unsettling influence, for example, a mob or a wonder, for example, a fire. It additionally portrays the demonstration of unexpectedly making something, for example, drinks or potentially food accessible. One can likewise get the shakes from nervousness. The thing structure, appropriate just for certain faculties, is breakout. Waves or an abrupt flood of water can break over an item, for example, a ship’s gunwale or a seawall or other obstruction. Someone or something can get through an exacting or metaphorical hindrance; the demonstration is known as a discovery. â€Å"Break up† is slang for cutting off a sentimental association, however it can likewise allude to the division of an entire into littler pieces, regardless of whether normally, as when ice breaks, slackens, and liquefies in hotter climate, or misleadingly, as when someone breaks a sweet treat into segments to share it; the thing structure is separation. (The reprobation â€Å"Break it up!† is a call to quit taking part in something, for example, a battle.) One can break with convention, which suggests accomplishing something uniquely in contrast to it is generally done. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyDisappointed + Preposition25 Idioms About Bread and Dessert

Classes Fall 04

Classes Fall 04 In numerical order, this term, I am taking: 4.614; 7.012; 14.02; 14.30; 21A.453 In alphabetical order, this term, I am taking: Anthropology of Middle East Biology Principles of Macroeconomics Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures Statistical Methods in Economics Can you match up the class with the number? (Hint: there are two 14s and two econ classes. Im a genius, I know.) Okay, here go some descriptions: (Note: Professors names will go to websites about them, not their email addresses!) 7.012 introductory biology professors: Eric Lander Robert Weinberg format: 3 one-hour lectures and 2 one-hour recitations fun facts: Eric Lander “has been one of the principal leaders of the Human Genome Project” and in 2003 “has been named Scientist of the Year by the National Disease Research Interchange in recognition of his leadership in the field of genomic research and development.” For more info, read this article Robert Weinberg “discovered the first human oncogene and the first tumor suppressor gene.” He is one of the founding members of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. memorable moments in class: After discussing lactase and lactose, etc., Professor Weinberg concluded his discussion by saying, “Im married to a lactose-intolerant person. Shes otherwise very nice.” Professor Lander explained how Mendel (a monk) did much of his inheritance research on peas, and then asked the class why Thomas Hunt Morgan, at Columbia University, used fruit flies instead. People shouted out things like, “They reproduce quickly!” “They reproduce slowly!” “They have fewer chromosomes!” “They have more chromosomes!” Lander told us we were all wrong, and then asked us to consider, “Where the hell are you going to grow peas in Manhattan?” A quotation from my Biological Science textbook: “The Sexual Selection Hypothesis: Giraffes have an unusual social system. Breeding occurs year round rather than seasonally. To determine when females are coming into estrus (or heat) and are thus receptive to mating, the males perform an unusual behavior. They nuzzle the rumps of females. In response, the females urinate into the males mouths. The males then tip their heads back and pull their lips to and fro, as if tasting the liquid.” Yes, folks. This is what you learn at MIT. 14.02 Principles of Macroeconomics professor: Ricardo Caballero format: 2 one-hour lectures, 1 one-hour recitation fun fact: Professor Caballero received “The 2002 Frisch Medal of the Econometric Society.” This summary of his work will probably impress you more than the title of the award, not to mention confuse the hell out of you. memorable moment: Ha Yan Lee, my recitation instructor, was going over the equation for total demand (of goods and services): Z = I + C + G, where I is investment, C is consumer consumption, and G is government expenditure. She described it this way: “Its broken up into three groups, just like high school. You have the cool group, the regular group, and the losers.” Hrm, you can pick which one is which for yourself. 21A.453 Anthropology of the Middle East professor: Susan Slyomovics format: 2 one-and-a-half hour discussions (hybrid of lecture and recitation, since there are only 3 students in the class :P ) fun facts: Professor Slyomovics is the “winner of the 1999 Albert Hourani Book Award given by the Middle East Studies Association, and the 1999 Chicago Folklore Prize.” Also, shes “chair of the Massachusetts Institute of Technologys innovative program in the Study of Women in the Developing World.” Her participation in the Fulbright Scholar Program is summarized here. (Mitra note: I knew Professor Slyomovics was really talented, but I had no idea she was so highly decorated. This is crazy; for three hours a week, I sit at a conference table with her and two other students, and we talk about articles, books, movies, and our own experiences with the Middle East. Little did I know.) memorable moment: We were talking about the contrast between traditional and canonical literature in particular, 3 categories: the elite/academic, the popular/mainstream, and folklore and how some things (opera, jazz) have moved from the “bottom” up to the “top.” Professor Slyomovics told us that jokes/riddles fit in the bottom category, and in fact one of her professors wrote a paper on the history of light bulb jokes, and how their changes over the years can track societys patterns in racism (!). Then we talked about how fashion is another example of appropriation, and how distressed jeans are really trendy now. THEN we learned how there is a huge fake antique industry in Egypt (where she used to live), and in order to make the non-antiques appear ancient, merchants feed them to turkeys, whose digestive acids eat away at the paint to make the dolls look “distressed” !! Is this not the best class ever? So we went from picture 1 to picture 2 to picture 3, all in 5 minutes of anthropological discussion :P 14.30 Statistical Methods in Economics professor: Herman Bennett format: 2 one-and-a-half hour lectures and one one-hour recitation fun fact: On the first day of class, we went over basic probability definitions, and one note was the difference between permutations (order matters) and combinations (order does not matter). One notable example: the Athena usernames (and email addresses) of my professor and recitation instructor are permutations of each other memorable moment: Here are two sample problems from practice exam 1: (And no, none of the real exam questions was this easy. I wish) 3. (Divas Live) VH1 is planning yet another Divas Live concert and they want to select three of their ten invited divas to perform Bawitdaba with Kid Rock a) In how many ways can the trio be chosen if the three divas perform at different times during the song? For the rest of question 3, assume the divas perform the same part at the same time. In how many ways can the trio be chosen? b) Brandy and Monica are still fighting over whose boy it really is and refuse to perform together. In how many ways can the trio be chosen? c) Celine Dion and Shania Twain decide to form a Canadian coalition and insist on either both performing or neither performing. In how many ways can the trio be chosen? I know, Im really scraping the bottom of the barrel with these pictures. Must. fix. camera 5. Youre at a wild party playing spin the bottle with an infinite number of people of whatever gender you favor. The people are indexed by a real number in the interval 0 = x = 1. The more attractive a person is, the higher his or her number. The non-standard game goes as follows: Flip a fair coin (coin #1). If it shows heads, spin a pointer whose probability of stopping in any interval is proportional to the size of the interval, and whose perimeter is marked with a uniform scale from 0 to 1. You get to kiss the person to whose number the pointer points. If, on the other hand, coin #1 shows tails, dont spin the pointer; instead, flip a coin again (coin #2). If coin #2 shows heads, you get to kiss the best-looking person (person with index 1). If coin #2 shows tails, you kiss the ugliest person (person 0). Let the random variable X be the index of the person that you end up kissing. a) What is the CDF of X? Be careful to specify the function completely. b) What is the probability that the person you kiss has an index exceeding 3/4? c) What is the probability that the person you kiss has an index equal to 1? Oh, those dirty economists. Gasp! I have to go, mid-post, but I will post architecture as soon as possible! happy reading =)

Communication I Nursing Profession - 1033 Words

Why is Communication in the Nursing Profession Important? Meia BrownCM/107Kaplan University Communication in the nursing professional is complicated process and the possibility of sending or receiving incorrect messages frequently exists. It is essential that we know the key components of the communication process, how to improve our skills, and the potential problems that exist with errors in communication. Good communication skills should be considered a basic requirement for any person irrespective of the profession the person is engaged in. Communication helps a person to relate well with the people he is interacting with. The nursing profession is not an exception since a nurse should use good communication skills to be†¦show more content†¦Since a good communicator is well informed, I believe that having collected all the necessary information, he will be able to use his knowledge to evaluate and analyze to come up with the best diagnosis. Analyzing the information will be helpful to the nurse for he will easily help the patient. He is able to comprehend all that he has gained during his listening phase and thus come up with the sense the information gathered makes. This way, the patient will feel at ease knowing that he or she has somebody who can attend to his or her health needs (Nursing Times. Net, 2011). There is the conclusion phase, which the nurse has to use her good communication skills to know what need to be added in the already given information. By creating conducive environment for the patient, the latter will feel at ease and this way, he will able to pass across all the essential information. In this case, the conclusion stage will most of the times lack anything for addition. The last stage will be the action plan. In this stage, the nurse will use her knowledge, both acquired and learn, to come up with a beneficial action plan to the patient. This will enable the patient build trust in the nurse.Communication is therefore very necessary in any form of profession and therefore nurses should use the best form of commun ication to avoid threatening the patients.Show MoreRelatedNursing Is An Ever Changing Field1238 Words   |  5 PagesThere is no doubt that nursing is an ever changing field. Although nursing always has been about caring for others, at the present time, this field is more sophisticated and respected than in the past. Currently, there are standards of nursing practice and professional performance developed by the American Nurses Association (ANA) for American nurses to follow. However, there is some controversy about whether nursing is a profession or not. Also, in order to learn these standards as well as otherRead MoreBefore Taking A Medical Oath, Every Nursing Trainee Should1026 Words   |  5 Pagesmedical oath, every nursing trainee should realize the ideal image of the profession to abide by. The press, as well as the public, ensures a constant vigilance of nurses by honesty, trust, and ethics. Despite the significant change in the portrayal of nurses in the modern era, e ach of them is charged with an individual responsibility of maintaining a untarnished general overview. Protocols and set guidelines have sharpened the knowledge and experience in the nursing profession. The nurses have aRead MoreLeadership, Leadership And Mobilization Of The Junior Nurses1579 Words   |  7 PagesNursing profession is a typical sector, which requires effective leadership, as it deals with matter of humanity and life. Leadership in nursing profession should be dynamic and inclusive so as to inspire the team members to a great performance index and to save the lives of the patients through efficient and quality leadership. Several leadership qualities from Abrashoff could be applied into the nursing profession to inspire, motivate, and empower the team members to greater heights of performanceRead MoreThe Practice Of Nursing Profession Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesNursing profession began in the ancient history, Phoebe was known as the first nurse which was ment ioned in the religious communities. A discourse community is a part of many different arguments. The profession of nursing can qualify for this proposition. A career in the field of nursing has a wide variety of different positions in the medical arena. Nurses today can choose flexible schedule to fit their families needs and they are very in demand especially male nurses everywhere in the world withRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1454 Words   |  6 Pages Personal Philosophy of Nursing Kendra Jackson Bon Secours Memorial College of Nursing October 8, 2014â€Æ' Introduction The nursing profession cannot be summarized using one word or statement. According to the American Nursing Association, nursing is â€Å"the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communitiesRead MoreIntegrative Reflection On Friendly Home998 Words   |  4 Pagesspeaks to show the different types of areas of the social work profession. This time, the class visited a nursing home called Friendly Home. At our class visit to Friendly Home, Shireen Haynes discussed her role at the nursing home and how the nursing home functions. From visiting Friendly Home and listen to Mrs. Haynes, I have learned the role, the challenges, and the rewards that a social worker undergoes while working in a nursing home. Major Responsibilities, Challenges, and Rewards At FriendlyRead MoreNursing Is An Art, It Is A Profession868 Words   |  4 Pages When I was little girl I was fascinated play doctors, I was dressed clothes of a physician, I wore my stethoscope toy and so tried to cure my wrist, unaware that over the years I would become a prestigious doctor where the work of my hands many children would come to the world; I was always interested in helping people, giving them support, encouragement to make them strong, were converted in my own family, along six years later learned values apply until you see my dream come true. After 18 yearsRead MoreEffective Communication For The Nursing Profession1493 Words   |  6 Pageson Effective Communication Skills in the Nursing Profession. Name: Carmela Alitin Student Number: n9713271 Unit: PYB007 Communication for Health Professionals Tutor: Aleana Green Tutorial: Thursdays 11am-1pm, Z-607 Word Count: 1,380 A Reflective Essay on Effective Communication Skills in the Nursing Profession â€Å"Effective communication is integral in every profession, but in nursing, it could mean the difference between life and death,† (E.S Alitin, personal communication, 31 March, 2016)Read MoreThe Definition Of Nursing And Share My Thoughts On What Makes The Ideal Nurse Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In this paper I will discuss the definition of nursing; and share my thoughts on what makes the Ideal Nurse. I will also focus on my pursuit into the nursing profession, and how I will be influenced by entering the profession of nursing. Nursing Definition According to the ANA, â€Å"nursing is the protection, promotion, optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human responseRead MoreA Hard Day s Night1008 Words   |  5 Pageshonesty and ethics of professions, Lydia Saad writes that nurses are the most trusted profession (2015). Americans have continued to vote for nurses as the most honest job sixteen times in the last seventeen years. Saad also reports that nurses have no other serious competition to outrank them. Despite being America’s most trustworthy profession, the public does not view nurses with the same level of respect or distinction as other professionals. Historically a female profession, nurses have been known

Essay about Symbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John...

Symbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck At first glance John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums seems to be a story of a woman whose niche is in the garden. Upon deeper inspection, the story reveals strong symbolisms of children, vulnerability, and connection--being the most important, of the main character. Elisa Allen is the main character who is at her strongest and most proud in the garden and weakened when she becomes vulnerable and loses her connection to the outer world. Elisa shows a new aura of confidence when she makes this connection to a peddler, who also is the cause of her realization of reality and her crying. The chrysanthemums symbolize Elisas children. She tends her garden and handles†¦show more content†¦She is happy and pleased by her ability to nurture the chrysanthemums as she would her children. Elisas vulnerability is shown through her experience with the peddler shows an interest in the chrysanthemums when he describes them as a quick puff of colored smoke (223). By admiring the chrysanthemums, he figuratively admires Elisa Allen. The peddler gives Elisa a connection that she cant do with anyone else. By giving him the pot to put the chrysanthemum seedlings in, she gives him the symbol of her inner-self. She begins to feel hope as the peddler leaves. She dresses up nice and prepares for her night out with her husband. This preparation process symbolizes that she is preparing for a change in her life. Her washing and dressing is symbolic of her transition. Tearing off her soiled clothes and flinging them into the corner, she scrubbed herself with a little block of pumice, legs and thighs, loins and chest and arms, until her skin was scratched and red. This is symbolic of Elisa coming out of her old being, releasing a newness she had become to know. She tightened her stomach and threw out her chestShe put on her newest under-clothing and her nicest stocking and the dress which was the symbol of her prettiness. She worked carefully on her hair, penciled her eyebrows and rouged her lips. All of this is brought about because one man took interest in herShow MoreRelatedSymbolism in the Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck1758 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums is a story that is full of symbolism. After the first read, it might seem like an innocent tale about a woman and her garden. However, upon further examination, the reader learns it is actually a story about a womans desires and frustrations in her life. Steinbeck uses many examples, such as the flowers to symbolize the thoughts and ideas of the main character, Elisa, in this story. Elisa Allen is a lonesome woman who gets pleasure from growingRead MoreSymbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesSymbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck The Chrysanthemums, one of John Steinbecks masterpieces, describes a lonely farmers wife, Elisa Allen. Elisa Allens physical appearance is very mannish yet still allows a hint of a feminine side to peek through. John Steinbeck brings symbolism into play to represent Elisa Allens frustrations and hidden passions. Isolation is another representation through symbolism found in The Chrysanthemums. Elisas failing detached marriage is representedRead MoreEssay on Symbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck1179 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck A symbol is an act, person, thing, or spectacle that stands for something else, by association a usually broader idea in addition to its own literal meaning (Cassill Bausch, 1728). John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums may seem as a story describing a simple day with the Allen couple. It begins with Elisa Allen working in her garden and her husband, Henry Allen, negotiating with two suited business men that want to purchase steers. TheyRead MoreComparing John Steinbeck s Mice And Men And The Grapes Of Wrath1126 Words   |  5 PagesComparing and Contrasting Steinbeck John Steinbeck is a famous author known for many of his short stories, as well as the books Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. His works have been studied and analyzed often because of his unique ability to create symbolism from small amounts of text. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† is a short story written by John Steinbeck, and was first published in 1939. It tells the story of a woman who feels she is capable of completing any task a man can, but is set back byRead More The Chrysanthemums Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s, The Chrysanthemums, was published in 1938 in a book of short stories, entitled The Long Valley. The Chrysanthemums has been a rather powerful draw for scholars because of its wide gap for interpretations and analysis of its main protagonist character, Elisa Allen and also the unique descriptions used to portray the deeper meaning behind the setting of the story. Themes of sexuality, oppression of women, as well as other numerous typ es of conflict portrayed in this rather somberRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums By John Steinbeck982 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Chrysanthemums† is a short story written by John Steinbeck. The story was originally published in 1937 before later being released as a part of his The Long Valley collection. This is an important story as it expresses women in a way that is more realistic, showing their true boredom, ambition, and capabilities. Some scholars interpreted this story differently, but C. Kenneth Pellow interprets it as â€Å"radically feministic.† The Great Depression was finally ending and women’s rights were risingRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums973 Words   |  4 Pages Prompt: How do the chrysanthemums as well as other symbols throughout the short story show women’s role in society? A Potential for Equality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Humans, just as flowers, cannot fully live without sunlight. They cannot develop without nourishment, and most of all they cannot flourish if not carefully tended to. Just as the Chrysanthemums fight to stay strong and meaningful in the short story, â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck, the main character, Emily, tries to do the same. BothRead MoreAlice Munros Boys and Girls and John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums1455 Words   |  6 Pagesand taking care of the children. While this stereotype does not exist as much in the 21st century, it was very prevalent in the 1900s. By using many different literary tools such as character development, symbolism, and setting, Alice Munro’s Boys and Girls and John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums challenge this controversial topic of the treatment of women versus men in the 1900s. Munro uses a fox farm for the setting of Boys and Girls to bring out many of the social issues between genders. WhileRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums Symbolism Analysis1040 Words   |  5 PagesMale Dominance Revealed Through Symbolism in The Chrysanthemums In Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemum† a story is told of a woman who loves to garden and tend to her beautiful chrysanthemums, a husband who tends to the matters of business on the ranch, and the strange encounter with a tinkerer. Each of these aspects create the story, but there is more depth than what meets the eye. Through Steinbeck’s short story one can recognize many symbols that represent the different gender roles of men andRead MoreLiterary Analysis the Chrysanthemums1128 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Course Date: Chrysanthemums: Literary Criticism At the turn of the 20th century, women were considered inferior to men: they were only required to stay at home, take care of households and children. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums†, as told by John Steinbeck, is a story of a woman during that period who tries to change the course of her destiny. In this story, the two-fold issues of femininity and symbolism play a critical part in explaining this helplessness. Steinbeck uses the narrative to signify

Family and Old Woman Free Essays

Once upon time in one small village, lived an old farmer with 3 sons. The first one was strong, and the second one was fast, and the third one was clever. They were always arguing about who is the best son and never help each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Family and Old Woman or any similar topic only for you Order Now One day the farmer became sick so they called a doctor. Father and Doctor Father: hi my friend. How are you? Doctor: Hi my friend, I am fine. I haven’t seen you long time. How are you my sick friend? Father: how do know that I’m sick? Doctor: I’m a doctor, why would you call me then? Father: I’m not sick but I just want to show my sons that they must stay together and help each other. Please tell them that I’m sick and I need medicine so they must go to witches highland together to find that medicine. Doctor: So you just pretend that you are sick, I don’t like to lie but since you are my old friend I will do it for you. I hope your sons will understand that they must help each other. Doctor really wants to help his friend so he goes to talk with farmers sons†¦ Doctor and the three sons Doctor: Hi, lucky that I met all of you here, your father is sick and he needs the medicine. Clever son: where is that medicine? Doctor: it’s far away in the witches highlands. Fast son: how far is that place? Strong son: how hard is the way? Doctor: The way is very long and difficult so you must go together as soon as possible. I will look after him while you will have a journey so don’t worry and leave†¦ Fight for who is going to get the medicine Strong son: I’m stronger the both of you and better then you I will go get the medicine alone I don’t need your help. Fast son: I’m fastest one, I will go and comeback faster than you and we don’t have enough time. Clever son: let him go he is really stupid, I’m sure that he will comeback without the medicine. So after long discussing and fighting, they decided that the strong son will go first to this journey to find the medicine. On the way he met an old woman that looks very strange. Strong son _old woman dialog Strong son: I look for a way to a â€Å"witch’s highland† do you know how can I go there? Old woman: why you want to go there, it is very far and dangerous place, no one come back from there. Strong son: my father is sick and I need a medicine that can be finding only there. Old woman: if you want to go there I will show you the way but you have something to do for me. Strong son: what should I do? Old woman: there is a tree that is 10 meters high. From here till the tree is more than 10 days way, but you have to go there less than 2 hours. He couldn’t do this so he had to return home without any medicine. Three sons Clever son and fast son: Laughing to strong brother. Clever son: I knew that you will comeback without the medicine. Fast son: now it’s my turn to go to get the medicine. After that the fast son went to find the medicine . He also met the same old woman on his way. Fast son and old woman Fast son: hey, grandma’ do you know how can I get to the â€Å"witches highland†? Old woman: I’m not your grandma’ and why do you want to go there? Fast son: I want to get a medicine for my sick father. Old woman: Before you come here someone came asking for the same place, and if you want to go there you have to answer my question first then I will show you the way. How many hairs on your head? He try to count a long time but he can’t answer to her question, he also couldn’t pass the river, so he a returned to home without the medicine. Clever son: Laughs on his fast brother when he came back without the medicine. Clever son: I will get the medicine that the both off you couldn’t get. Then the last boy went to find the medicine. He met the same old women again. Clever son old woman Clever son: hi I came here to find a medicine for my sick father before I come here both of my brothers came looking for it and they couldn’t get it. Old woman: Yes, I met them before you, but I will you want to go there and find the medicine you must do something to for me. Clever son: what should I do for you? Old woman: nothing special only I want you to pass the river and get for me that laptop there. Because I want to check my face book I didn’t check it for a long time. He couldn’t do it too, so he returned home. When he come back to home doctor call them and ask what happened. Doctor: You see you don’t listen to me and didn’t go together, you just waste all of your time to argue who is better and still haven’t got the medicine that your father needs. Tell me why you all return without it? Clever son: I met the strange old woman and she told me to pass the river but I couldn’t because it’s it was hard, so I come back†¦ Strong son: I can pass the river but she told me to go somewhere very fast. Fast son: I can go anywhere very fast but she asked me a difficult question that I couldn’t answer. Clever son: I can answer to any question. Doctor: So you must go together and do all her tasks . Who is better is not important you must help your sick father. Help each other and get the medicine I’ll be waiting for you†¦ Finally they went together to find the medicine. They met the old woman again. 3 Sons_ old woman _dialog Old woman: why you come to me again when you can’t do everything that I want? Clever son: now, we are together so we can do everything that you want. Strong son: just say anything that you want we will do it. Fast son: what is the question? Where is the river? How we can arrive to tree? Old woman: at fist you have to answer me, how many hairs on my head? Clever son: as much as users of facebook. Old woman: You must pass that big river and bring me the laptop from other side; also you should bring me an apple from the big tree. Acting. Fast son run and bring the apple, strong son bring the laptop. The strong and fast sons bring the laptop and an apple to old woman and she gives them a medicine. They took the medicine from old woman and return to home. Doctor and 3 sons’ scene: Doctor: I am glad that you come back, finally you understand that you must help each other and stick together. Don’t worry your father is not sick, you are all together now as he hopes, so go tell him about your adventure and leave him. Help him and each other and everything will be alright. Three sons never argue or fight again with each other, they do everything together and they live happily with their father. The end How to cite Family and Old Woman, Essay examples

The tragedy in Julius Caesar Essay Example For Students

The tragedy in Julius Caesar Essay ?William Shakespeare has written many plays that touched millions of people throughoutthe centuries. His works are still the most controversial ones favored by many Literature criticsbecause his plays generate spontaneous debates on issues such as friendship, revenge, humanambitions and moralities that lead to dynamic discussion among people. In the play The Tragedyof Julius Caesar, friendship vs. duty is one of the major themes that is developed. One’s struggleover the choice between friendship and duty is depicted through the main character, Brutus, as hebattles himself to choose between his duty to carry out people’s will and his own conscious hittingon his faithfulness to his best friend Caesar. Although Brutus himself was skeptical if he made theright decision, he joins the conspiracy that plans for the murder of their leader Julius Caesar. Thetragic aspect of the play Julius Caesar is that even though Brutus ‘s motives were immaculate, hisfear toward Caesarà ¢â‚¬â„¢s ambition, Cassius’ persuasion, and his tragic flaw, idealism deluded him tomake a tragic mistake of assassinating Caesar. We will write a custom essay on The tragedy in Julius Caesar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now While human ambition is considered an important requirement in achieving one’s goal, itoften leaves negative impressions to others. People do fear ambitious men because strong desireoften leads to selfishness and dictatorship. As Caesar’s popularity became more evident, hisfellow officers and the nobles were worried that people of Rome might crown Caesar. As early asAct 1 scene one, two tribunes of Rome, Flavius and Marullus show concerns toward a possibilityof a new dictatorship in Rome and remind themselves of their duty to protest against such powerexercised by one person. Not surprisingly, the rumors of Caesar being crowned have beenbothering many people in high political position like Brutus, a well- respected and honored manand his brother-in-law, Cassius. Cassius, who does not want Caesar to have all the power inRome, plans to form a conspiracy to kill Caesar, and other nobles, who believe that Caesar’sdeath is the only way to save the Roman citizens from a tyrannical ruler and to retain republicangovernment, were easily persuaded to join the conspiracy with Cassius. However, althoughBrutus agrees that Caesar should be killed for the better of the country, joining the conspiracywas extremely pressing and strenuous for him, because Caesar was his good friend. â€Å" Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dea, to live all free men? AsCaesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honor him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him†(Act 3, Scene 2, 25 27)As Brutus was struggling with his mind, (Cassius speaks of an idealized â€Å"Rome† of thepast in which kingship was unthinkable. â€Å" Rome, thou hast lost the breed of noble bloods! O, you and I have heard our fathers say, There was a Brutus once that would have brooked Th’ eternal devil to keep his state in Rome As easily as a king† (Shakespear 1.2. 151 161) Cassius’ reminder of an idealized â€Å"Rome† draws Brutus’s heart toward joining theconspiracy with Cassius, because he realizes that while Cassius and he were different in the natureof joining the conspiracy, both equated Rome with the republic. They see themselves as Romansbecause they believe in the Republic. They repudiate kingship, so that power can be sharedamong the elected rulers, the aristocratic patricians who make up the Senate. Therefore, Cassius,and certain nobles who are willing to risk their personal safety to resist one who abuses powerjoin in the conspiracy, and they are convinced that they must turn the commoners against theambitions of Caesar. Their justification is that no one man can dominate Rom e therefore, Caesarshould be stopped before he grows stronger and become tyrannical like many others who weregiven a total dictatorship. Brutus also draws his heart toward joining the conspiracy because hefears that if the nobles of Rome give Caesar so much potential power for evil that he will nolonger be able to resist the temptation to suppress the rights of Roman citizens.)(Mowant, P. .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe , .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe .postImageUrl , .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe , .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe:hover , .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe:visited , .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe:active { border:0!important; } .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe:active , .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udd1a9bb15213816f59d61e829694dbfe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Osteogenesis Imperfecta EssayWhen Brutus’ heart was moving toward the conspiracy, Cassius, with his eloquent tong,persuades Brutus even more. Cassius wants Brutus to be the chief of the conspirators to gain thepublic’s justification and respect for their assassination. (He has already stirred his friends againstCaesar: they all agreed and promised to take part with him.) (Daniell, P.335) (In Cassius’passionate argument in act one, scene two, he blames Caesar for the power he has accumulated,and the weak willed nobilities of Rome for letting Caesar have all the power. He also mentionsCaesar’s desire to rule with a god like authority and that with the increased power he will becomeeven more tyrannical. However, it was still hard for Brutus to reach a conclusion becausealthough Julius Caesar was ambitious, he has never shown any signs of becoming a totalitarian. Suddenly, a shout from the crowds attending Caesar, offstage, startles Brutus, and he accidentallyspeaks his thoughts aloud: â€Å"I do fear the people choose Caesar for their king.† (Shakespear 1.2. 79) The word ‘fear’ encourages Cassius to proceed with an attack on Caesar. Cassius points outthat Caesar is being treated as if he were a superhuman. He recalls two instances when Caesarshowed weakness, but Cassius speaks as though the weakness were moral, and not merelyphysical. Here we can see Cassius’ mean spirit, but Brutus does not notice this because the shoutfrom the crowd distracted him.) (Roma, P. 4 15) Though Brutus was unable to fault Caesar, he resorts to a generalization, a â€Å"commonproof,† which says that ambitious men, at the height of their power, will corrupt. â€Å" More than his reason. But ‘tis a common proofThat lowliness is young ambition’s ladder,Whereto the climber upward turns his face;But when he once attains the upmost round, He then unto the ladder turns his back,†(Shakespear 2.1. 21 25)Then, Cassius returns to flattery, reminding Brutus of his own reputation and that of hisancestor, the Brutus who expel led Tarquini, a tyrant, from Rome. This statement moves BrutusIn act 2, he concludes that Caesar must be considered as a snake’s egg, which would hatchand become a powerful atrocity. Therefore, he must be killed before he becomes a king. â€Å" And therefore think him as a serpent’s eggWhich hatched, would as his kind grow mischievous, And kill him in the shell † (Shakespear 2.1. 32 35) To come to such a decision, Brutus’ idealism is one of the factors that supported hischoice of his country over his friendship with Caesar.(His motives for joining the conspiracy arewholly pure, and he intends to maintain this purity in everything. He is very conscious of hisposition among people. He is well respected of his noble nature and honored by many. His dutyis to carry out general people’s will and his duty solely for people’s benefit. His background alsohas a role in providing another motive for him to kill Caesar. He is descended from patriots, an dhe is often reminded of the Lucius Junius Brutus who drove Tarquin from Rome and helped tofound the first republic. Brutus, once he is convinced that Caesar would be crowned, sees him asdestined to repeat his ancestor’s heroic mission: by killing Caesar, he will, he thinks, restore thetrue â€Å"Rome† the republic. (Mowant, P. 215 216) Therefore, despite his friendship withCaesar, Brutus kills Caesar because he thinks the country will be better without a king. Brutuscontinues this ritual act by having rejecting the suggestion that they should swear an oath ofallegiance. His ground for objection was that honorable man acting in a just cause need no suchâ€Å"Swear priests and cowards and men cautelous, Old feeble carrions and such suffering sould That welcome wrongs; unto bad causes swear Such creatures as men douubt; but do not stain The even virtue of our enterprise,Nor th’ insupressive mettle of our spirits, To think that or our cause or our performance Di d need an oath; when every drop of blood That every Roman bears, and nobly bear, If he do break the smallest particleOf any promise that hath passed from him. (Shakespear, Act 2, scene 1, 129 140)Also, he objects the suggestion for killing Antony along with Caesar because he thinks thatAntony will be nothing without Caesar and he does not want to kill anyone unnecessarily. Brutussays, â€Å" Let us be sacrificers, but not butchers.† (Shakespear, Act 2, scene 1, 166) Here, we cansee Brutus’ idealism is strong and Cassius is overruled again. (Although Cassius persuadesBrutus to lead the conspiracy, it was Brutus, blinded by his idealism, who persuaded himself tojoin the conspiracy.) (Wright, P. 22)(The trouble with idealism is that it can so easily blind those who possess it, and Brutus isblinded by his idealism. His tragic flaw, idealism, makes him to make initial decision, arrived atwith such difficulty, that Caesar has to die. Brutus is wrong. Yet when we read carefu lly, thesoliloquy in the garden, it becomes obvious that Brutus is deceiving himself. He confesses that hehas â€Å"no personal cause† to fear Caesar and furthermore, that he has never known of potential oftyranny in Caesar. His honor and nobility were manipulated by Cassius and at the end, he finisheshis life tragically by suiciding. The tragedy of Brutus lies here. Not that he attempted to free therepublic of Rome from a tyrannous dictator and was killed in the action; but that, with the best ofmotives, he was responsible for the murder of Caesar.) (Mowant, P. 23 25)â€Å" Thou art the ruins of the noblest man That ever lived in the tide of times.† (Shakespear, Act 3, scene 1, 256 257)Bibliography:Julius Caesar

10 Fascinating Things About Black Widow Spiders

10 Fascinating Things About Black Widow Spiders Black widow spiders are feared for their potent venom, and rightfully so, to some degree. But much of what you think is true about the black widow is probably more myth than fact. Interesting Things About Black Widow Spiders These 10 fascinating facts about black widow spiders will teach you how to identify them, how they behave, and how to minimize your risk of being bitten. Widow spiders arent always black When most people talk about the black widow spider, they likely think theyre referring to a particular spider species. But in the U.S. alone, there are three different kinds of black widows (northern, southern, and western). And although we tend to refer to all members of the genus Lactrodectus as black widows, widow spiders arent always black. There are 31 species of Lactrodectus spiders worldwide. In the U.S., these include a brown widow and a red widow. Only adult female black widows inflict dangerous bites Female widow spiders are larger than males. It is believed, therefore, that female black widows can penetrate vertebrate skin more effectively than males and inject more venom when they bite. Nearly all medically significant black widow bites are inflicted by female spiders. Male widow spiders and spiderlings are rarely a cause for concern, and some experts even say they dont bite. Black widow females rarely eat their mates Lactrodectus spiders are widely thought to practice sexual cannibalism, where the smaller male is sacrificed after mating. In fact, this belief is so widespread the term black widow has become synonymous for femme fatale, a kind of seductress who lures men with the intention of bringing harm to them. But studies show that such behavior is actually quite rare in widow spiders in the wild, and even uncommon among captive spiders. Sexual cannibalism is actually practiced by quite a few insects and spiders and is not unique to the often maligned black widow. Most (but not all) widow spiders can be identified by a red hourglass marking Nearly all black widow females bear a distinct hourglass-shaped marking on the underside of the abdomen. In most species, the hourglass is bright red or orange, in sharp contrast to its shiny black abdomen. The hourglass may be incomplete, with a break in the middle, in certain species like the northern black widow (Lactrodectus variolus). However, the red widow, Lactrodectus bishopi, does not have an hourglass marking, so be mindful that not all widow spiders are identified by this feature. Black widow spiderlings look nothing like the black and red spiders we recognize as black widows Widow spider nymphs are mostly white when they hatch from the egg sac. As they undergo successive molts, the spiderlings gradually darken in color, from tan to gray, usually with white or beige markings. Female spiderlings take longer to reach maturity than their brothers but eventually turn dark black and red. So that drab, pale little spider you found just might be a widow spider, albeit an immature one. Black widows make cobwebs Black widow spiders belong to the spider family Theridiidae, commonly called the cobweb spiders. These spiders, black widows included, construct sticky, irregular silk webs to ensnare their prey. Members of this spider family are also referred to as comb-foot spiders because they have a row of bristles on their back legs to help them wrap silk around their prey. But no need to worry. Although they are closely related to the house spiders building cobwebs in the corners of your home, black widows rarely come indoors. Female black widows have poor eyesight Black widows rely on their silk webs to see whats going on around them because they cant see very well. The black widow female usually hides in a hole or crevice and builds her web as an extension of her hiding spot. From the safety of her retreat, she can feel the vibrations of her web when either prey or predator comes in contact with the silk threads. Male widow spiders looking for mates use this to their advantage. The male black widow will cut and rearrange the females web, making it difficult for her to sense whats happening, before carefully approaching her to mate. Black widow venom is 15 times as toxic as that of the prairie rattlesnake Widow spiders do pack a powerful punch of neurotoxins in their venom. By volume, Lactrodectus venom is an extremely toxic mix of poisons capable of causing muscle cramps, severe pain, hypertension, weakness and sweating in bite victims. But black widow spiders are significantly smaller than rattlesnakes, and theyre built for subduing other small invertebrates, not large mammals like people. When a black widow spider bites a person, the volume of neurotoxins injected in the victim is small.   Black widow spider bites are rarely fatal Although black widow bites can be painful and require medical treatment, they are very rarely fatal.   In fact, the majority of black widow bites cause only mild symptoms, and many bite victims dont even realize they were bitten. In a review of over 23,000 documented Lactrodectus envenomation cases that occurred in the U.S. from 2000 to 2008, the study authors noted that not a single death occurred as a result of a black widow bite. Only 1.4% of bite victims suffered major effects of black widow venom. Before the invention of indoor plumbing, most black widow bites occurred in outhouses Black widows dont often invade homes, but they do like to inhabit human-built structures like sheds, barns, and outhouses. And unfortunately for those who lived before the water closet was commonplace, black widows like to retreat under the seats of outdoor privies, perhaps because the smell attracts so many delicious flies for them to catch. Men who use pit toilets should be aware of this disturbing little factoid – most black widow bites are inflicted on penises, thanks to their tendency to dangle threateningly into the black widows territory beneath the seat. A 1944 case study published in the Annals of Surgery noted that, of 24 black widow bite cases reviewed, eleven bites were on the penis, one was on the scrotum, and four were on the buttocks. A full 16 of the 24 victims were bitten while sitting on the toilet. Sources Physicians Guide to Arthropods of Medical Significance, 6th edition, by Jerome Stoddard.Bugs Rule! An Introduction to the World of Insects, by Whitey Cranshaw and Richard Redak.The Black Widow Spider, by Karen M. Vail, Carl Jones, and Harry Williams, University of Tennessee. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow Spider, Occupational Safety and Health Administration fact sheet, U.S. Department of Labor. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow Spider, North Carolina State University. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow and Other Widow Spiders, University fo California IPM Program. Accessed online August 12, 2015.The Black Widow, Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Genus Lactrodectus – Widow Spiders, Bugguide.net. Accessed online August 12, 2015.The Treatment of Black Widow Spider Envenomation with Antivenin Latrodectus Mactans: A Case Series, by S. R. Offerman, G. P. Daubert, and R. F. Clark. The Permanente Journal,  15(3), 7 6–81 (2011). Accessed online August 12, 2015. A US Perspective of SymptomaticLatrodectus  spp. Envenomation and Treatment: A National Poison Data System Review, by Andrew A. Monte, Becki Bucher-Bartelson, and Kennon J. Heard. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 45(12), 1491-1498 (December 2011). Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow Spider Bite, by H. T. Kirby-Smith.  Annals of Surgery, 115(2), 249–257 (1942).

Using Para in Spanish With an Infinitive

Using Para in Spanish With an Infinitive See how para is used twice in this selection. First paragraph of a news story: 349 euros. No hay un smartphone similar por ese precio. Para encontrar algo de tal calidad hay que pagar 300 euros ms. Es el nuevo smartphone de Google, que fabrica la surcoreana LG, y que, para ahorrar costes en intermediarios, solo se vende en la tienda de internet Google Play y sin planes de operadoras de por medio. Se llama Nexus 5. Source: Spanish newspaper El Paà ­s, dateline Nov. 1, 2013. Suggested translation: 349 euros. There is not one similar smartphone for that price. To find something of such quality it is necessary to pay 300 euros more. Its the brand-new Google smartphone, manufactured by South Korean LG. To save on middleman costs, it is sold only at the Google Play Internet store and not through phone carriers plans. It is called the Nexus 5. Key Grammatical Issue The preposition para is usually used to indicate purpose. When followed by an infinitive, as it is here both times, para often means in order to. However, in English, in order, when it precedes the to form of the verb, can almost always be omitted without any change in meaning. In this selection, para encontrar could have been translated as in order to find, and para ahorrar could have been translated as in order to save. This translation, in the interests of brevity, left out both cases of in order because it is implied in English. When translating to Spanish, however, the para is not optional. To say I eat to live, for example, you would use Como para vivir. Como vivir simply would make no sense. Here are brief examples of this phenomenon: Tomà ³ una pastilla para dormirse. He took a pill (in order) to fall asleep.Necesito un tenedor para comer. I need a fork (in order) to eat.Para estudiar vamos a la biblioteca. (In order) to study, we are going to the library.Estamos listos para salir. We are ready (in order) to leave. In some contexts, although not here, para infinitive can better be translated as for -ing verb form. For example, Es un libro para leer could be translated as It is a book for reading. Other Notes on Vocabulary and Grammar Smartphone was italicized in the original, indicating that it is viewed as a foreign or unusual word rather than standard Spanish. Such a device is also known as a telà ©fono inteligente, although smartphone (pronounced much as in English) is quite common.Hay is the typical way of saying there is or there are. However, the phrase hay que usually means it is necessary to or it is necessary that. Hay is a form of the verb haber.The preposition por is usually used when saying that something is sold for a certain price.Ese is a demonstrative adjective usually meaning that.Tal followed by a noun is a common way of saying such or this kind of.Que fabrica la surcoreana LG is an example of an inverted word order. Fabrica, a conjugated form of fabricar (to manufacture), is the verb for subject LG. The translation used manufactured by the South Korean LG rather than the literal which the South Korean LG manufactures because the former sounded more natural.The long sentence beginning with Es e l nuevo has been divided into two sentences in the translation because a single sentence in English here would have been cumbersome. Nuevo means new. By placing it before the noun, smartphone, the writer gave nuevo extra emphasis, which brand-new also does.In traditional Spanish, solo would have been spelled with an orthographic accent: sà ³lo. Under modern rules, however, the accent is optional.Se vende is an example of a reflexive verb.Internet can be written correctly in Spanish with or without the initial letter capitalized.Sin is the preposition for without.De por medio is a phrase that usually means in between. The emphasis here, which does not come across as strongly in the translation, is that the phone carriers charges, if the phones were sold by them, would come in between Google and the customer, thus increasing the costs.Although dictionaries dont list operadora as having a different meaning than operador except when it applies to a female operator (that is, a female who operates something), it appears to be fairly common to refer to a telephone company using the feminine noun operadora rather than th e masculine form used for many other types of businesses. The longer-term operador de telefonà ­a is also sometimes used. Llamarse is usually used when telling what something or someone is named.

Finance and Accounting for MacLeish Nurseries Essay - 9

Finance and Accounting for MacLeish Nurseries - Essay Example By decreasing the selling price, MacLeish will be in a position to increase the number of profits that it would report in the financial statements hence increase their ability to increase the amounts of their loans and be in a position to make the repayments. I, therefore, recommend that MacLeish increase their investment on advertisement and lower their prices to benefit from the elastic demand nature of their products. Bedford property management just like any other company must undertake variance analysis as a way of managing their costs and ensuring efficiency. In the calculation below, it is evident that the company has recorded adverse variance in all areas and the management must, therefore, move with speed to control to take corrective actions. In the case of labor cost variance, Ms. Kim should ensure that close supervision is conducted to eradicate the inefficiency. At the same time, Kim has to reduce the rate per hour rewarded to the workers. The variances with regard to the number of respondents must also be corrected to increase the turnover. Management has to increase their marketing strategies to ensure the number of customers served increase to remove the adverse variance. The rates charged to the clients should also be as per the standards to eliminate the rate variance. Finally, the management has to control their overhead costs by reducing the expenses like rent, maintenance, and insurance to eliminate over expenditure. In conclusion, variance analysis should be carefully done to ensure profitability and success.

University of Wisconsin Admissions Essay Personal Statement

University of Wisconsin Admissions Essay - Personal Statement Example All skills that are necessary for one who ambitions to become a leader and not a follower in the future. These are skills and abilities that I did not realize I had until I became a member of the BBYO and found myself being asked to think about the kind of young leader that I could become. They called upon its members to strive towards becoming a national leader through the grassroots training that they offered. I dove into the challenge with excitement. I organized recruitment events in order to show the positive effect that our organization can have in their lives. All my hard work paid off as I was elected to the post of Regional Vice President for Communication (Northbrook chapter) , then programming (Overall, Illinois Chapter). Having been a ranking member of the BBYO for a number of years, I learned that life is not one person or race. It is about helping people reach their full potential in order to insure a steady flow of successful people in the future. We live in the land of opportunity. Unfortunately, not everyone knows how to get the best out of the possibilities presented to them. I know how to do that and I willing to share what I know with my fellow students. I plan to do this by working with the student government in mounting student mixers and career introduction seminars whenever it is possible. I am currently the youngest staff employee of Special Gifts, a Chicago based theater group that helps children with disabilities see that their handicap is not a hindrance but a gift that makes them special. I am truly saddened that I will be unable to continue working with them because theirs is a Chicago based group. But, I have plans of further spreading the good works of the group by founding a Madison community chapter. I hope, that once I am in a well placed position within the student population of UW, I will be able to find some students who would want to help further the cause of my theater

Interlaminar Stress Behaviour of the Flywheel Rotor

Interlaminar Stress Behaviour of the Flywheel Rotor 1.1 History of the Flywheel For over thousands of years, flywheels have been used in potter wheels and spindle wheel whorls Gowayed et al., 2002 The concept of storing energy in a rotating disk dates as far back as 2400 BC when rotating wheels were used by Egyptians to handcraft pottery. In fact, flywheel systems were widely used in everyday life (Genta, 1985): in warring chariots, water pumps and even power generations. However, these conventional flywheels are not as efficient as energy storage devices due to the large amount of mass required for the relatively meagre amount of energy stored not to mention the capability of delivering power for only a relatively short period. The advent of the industrial revolution brought about the significant advances of the flywheels. In the 18th century, Man witnessed the widespread use of metal in the construction of machines and soon, flywheel had found its way into steam engines. This development of the flywheel had been attributed to the works of James Watt. With flywheels made of cast iron, a higher mass moment of inertia could be achieve and thus a significant weight saving as well. During the industrial revolution, James Pickard developed a solution for transforming reciprocating to rotary motion with the combination of a crank and flywheel. And it was not till the last thirty years that we witness high performance flywheels being significantly developed with marked improvement and demonstrate the potential as energy storage systems in a wide range of applications. The energy crisis of then 1970s marked the beginning of another significant era for the development of flywheels as the need to search for an alternative energy storage implement. Large amount of money were invested by the governments of many nations into the development of flywheel energy storage technology with subsequent establishment of research programs in the development of flywheel devices as alternative energy storage systems (Genta, 1985). However, development pace since to slow down as fuel prices begin to stabilized in the early 1980s. That particular time period was nevertheless a crucial development era for the flywheel; during which the use of flywheels are explored and developed for electrical vehicles. In addition it was also explored as a device to help utilities manage peak power demand. With the incorporation of high specific strength advanced composite materials into flywheel designs, weight reductions and strength increment can be achieved; and this cannot be achieved with the use of metallic alloy. However, the use of flywheels can yet be commercialized even with the significant improvements in the design concept of flywheel as it remains a challenge still to design flywheel systems that are cost competitive to other energy storage devices. In addition, composites, though stronger than metal, would require the use of advanced bearings due to the inability to withstand certain forces exposed in high performance application (Kim, T.H. 2003). The 1990s witnessed developments in stronger, lightweight composite materials, magnetic bearings and other electronic devices, and all of which contribute to the exciting development of the flywheel. Excessively high rotational speed could now be reached, with a subsequent increment in energy stored, making them a possible candidate again for energy storage system of superior performance. As a summary, the improvement in the flywheel quick energy recovery, high efficiency, low maintenance and long service life, high amount of stored energy per unit volume and mass, high output power levels, as well as lower product and operational cost (Horner, 1996) as well as environmental friendly components are all that have made the flywheel energy storage system a feasible option. 1.1.2 Flywheel as an Energy Storage Device Flywheel energy storage (FES) has, in various past researches, proven its superiority over conventional battery technology based energy storage system in terms of its higher energy density, durability, rapid charge and discharge capability, as well as its tolerance over a wide range of temperature with very minute environmental concerns; and with the progress in power electronics, loss reductions techniques and advanced materials, the then seemingly inconceivable idea of economical flywheel energy storage (FES) devices are no longer chimerical (Hebner et al, 2002). In fact, all of the prepossessing characteristics mentioned briefly above (in comparison with those that of conventional battery system) are what that result in the advanced flywheel systemsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ appeal as one of the fast- gaining attention alternative for energy storage devices. (Arvin Bakis, 2006) A flywheel is an inertial energy storage system where the rotating mass functions as the energy storage retainer. While connected to the motor (possibly electrical motor), a flywheel can be accelerated to a specific angular velocity. In this process, electrical energy was converted into kinetic energy and the rotating inertia of the composite rotor acts to store this form of mechanical energy. When the need arises, the mechanical energy can be transformed back to electrical power by the motor. Thus, the motor in the flywheel system acts not merely as a motor to accelerate the energy storing process but also as a generator in recovering the transformed electrical energy. A typical flywheel energy storage system consists of five primary components (Lazarewicz et al., 2006), namely the rotor, the bearings, the motor/generator unit, the vacuum enclosure and the power electronics. A rotor consists of a hub and rim. As the rim is the main rotating mass of the rotor, it is quite easy to comprehend the fact that the rim acts to store most of the energy whereas the hub functions to connect to the rim to a shaft. The rotating flywheel shaft on the other hand is supported by bearings which could either be of the mechanical or magnetic variety. These bearings allow for low resistance to rotor rotation. However, magnetic bearings are preferred over mechanical ones due to the energy loss associated with energy loss. The motor, as the third major component introduced, acts to accelerate the rotor when electrical energy us supplied to it; whereas the generator acts to extract electrical energy from the rotating rotor by decelerating the rotor. This is in accordance with the principle of conservation of energy. As a result of the rotor deceleration, torque is inevitably produced and is typically transferred between the rotor rim and the motor unit via the hub and the shaft. In addition, as the occurrence of input and output events are not concurrent, the combination of the motor and generator into a single functional unit is typically done to the advantages of weight and cost reduction (Hebner et al. 2002). In addition, a low pressure, vacuum environment is maintained via the use of a pressure vessel enclosure, which serves also to support the structural assemblage of the flywheel and bearing system. This vacuum compartment also serves to house all of the rotating components of the flywheel to reduce aerodynamic drag. Other than that, such a compartment is also crucial in protecting the system from catastrophic failure as a consequence of high energy debris. The power electronics on the other hand act as the interface between the motor/ generator unit and that of the electrical power system by converting the input power into a suitable electrical signal for the operations of the motor/ generator unit. Flywheel energy storage devices have the potential to store a higher amount of energy per unit mass than typical chemical batteries. Where design weight is of major concern, and where maximum energy storage is a fundamental necessity, flywheel energy storage systems seem to offer the most appealing capabilities. This is particularly so in space applications where the crucial design weight necessitates the need for a high energy storage capacity in the smallest available size and mass (and thus weight). Other than its high specific energy density, flywheel also possesses superior specific power and when used with magnetic bearings and advanced motor/ generator system, more than 90% of the storage energy can be retrieved, an efficiency far more superior than that if conventional chemical batteries are used where the reclaimed energy constitutes less than 80% of the energy input. In addition, the increment of the amount of energy stored in flywheels can be achieved via the increase of s peed of the rotating rotor while chemical batteries would possibly need some reassembling of the connections from parallel to serial. Flywheels are very effective devices in avoiding unbalanced or oversized design of power systems due to the way they store energy and this is especially crucial in the deliverance of peak power on demand. For instant access to the desired efficiency of energy storage as well as energy required, flywheels repeat the charging and discharging cycle. This process of charging and discharging occurs at a rapid speed as both processes occur in the very same motor/generator. In addition, the flywheel life will not be affected with the large amount of charging and recharging cycles whereas chemical batteries undergoing a similar process will need a replacement after every few years. In addition, flywheel, as a mechanical type of battery, is also tolerant of the extremity of temperatures and as flywheels do not contain acidic and other hazardous material, flywheels are easily handled during manufacturing process, and disposed of at the end of the flywheelsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ lif e cycles. Flywheel energy storage systems had since found its way into various applications such as transportation and space satellites, to name a few. In transportation, flywheel systemsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ deep recharge and rapid charging capability, the ability to provide high pulses of power as well as the tolerance to a wide operating temperature range as well as the longer operating life on top of weight reduction make flywheel systems an obvious choice in replacing chemical batteries in mobile applications such as electric vehicles. (Hebner et al 2002). A reliable, steady state power quality is of vital importance for critical manufacturing, hospitals, and internet servers. In this context, the flywheel energy storage systems have also found its way into electrical load levelling application such as in ensuring an uninterruptible power supply by providing a smooth and effective transition between a main power source when necessary (Hebner et al 2002) This is one of the current capability of the flywheel and it seems promising that as the technology improves in the near future, flywheel could possibly be applied to peak power managing, where excess energy produced us stored and later released at the peak time in energy consumption. The concept of flywheel is also not novel in the hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) industry, where small combustion engine is operated while the vehicle is moving at a constant speed. The acceleration process is executed with the extra power provided by the additional battery power supplier. This additional power, on the other hand is generated and stored in the battery when the vehicle brakes such that no additional power is wasted in the form of heat dissipation generated by the friction during brakes. At the present moment, flywheel seems promising in being use for hybrid buses as chemical battery is expensive. In space applications, light weight, compact with high energy density storage capability devices are highly sought after. With increase performance demands on space systems, space programs had had to make consistently huge effort in reducing rim mass to increase payload capacity as well as reduce launch/ fabrication costs. Although chemical batteries had long been a trusted source of energy but flywheel offers much better weight and life benefits as well as the potential to store a larger amount of energy at a lower weight, not to mention the capability to be used as attitude control actuators in replacing reaction flywheel assemblies and control moment gyros. In 2000, Truong et al introduced the Flywheel Energy Storage Demonstration Project, initiated at the NASA Glenn Reasearch Center as a possible replacement for the Battery Energy Storage System on the International Space Station; whereas Fausz et al. had, in the very same year reported that the Flywheel Attitude Control, Energy Transmission and Storage (FACETS) system could combine all or parts of the energy storage, attitude control, and power management and distribution (PMAD) subsystems into a single system, this significantly decreasing flywheel mass (and volume). Thus, in space applications, crucial weight reductions for satellites could, and have hitherto, been achieved with the use of the multi-function high speed flywheel system which not only functions as energy storage but also in providing a gyroscopic effect for attitude control. (Bitterly, 1998, Hebner et al., 2002) But even until recently, the historical development of flywheels and their uses has largely been dependent on advances in both materials and machine technology, coupled with opportunity and necessity (Horner, et al,.1996) However with technological advancements in such a rapid pace, it is not hard to envisage the status of flywheels in the near and distant future. 1.1.3 The Use of Composite and Fiber- Reinforced Materials in Flywheel Design The kinetic energy stored in a flywheel rotor increases linearly with mass but quadratically with rotational speed. . With the increasing demand for high energy storage, flywheels in present applications are often designed for high angular velocities; and these correspond to large centrifugal loads and consequently a higher circumferential and radial stresses, i.e. the dominant stress distribution are hoop stresses (concentric). In this context, the use composite materials with fibers of high unidirectional strength would be desirable. (Shah, 2008) For a fixed axis rotation, the energy stored in a thin rotating ring rotor is [1.3.1] Where I = the rotor moment of inertia ÃÆ' °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ = is the rotor angular velocity. It seems feasible that to increase the stored energy, the mass of the flywheel must be increased and thus its moment of inertia. However, it must be noted that the energy is only linearly proportional to the mass of the flywheel whereas the energy is proportional to the square of the rotational speed. These relations indicate that the rotational speed for a given radius will have a higher influence to the energy density than that of the mass of the flywheel; and to achieve a high rotation speed, a high strength per weight material must be used. Further derivations of the equations below will explain this condition. Resultant force along the hoop and circumferential directions [1.3.2] [1.3.3] Where = force summations in the radial direction = force summations in the circumferential direction dm = mass of the mass element located at radius r rdÃÆ' °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Æ’ = arc length of the mass element located at radius r ar = radial acceleration of the mass element located at radius r From equation [1.3.3], [1.3.4] With [1.3.5] Where ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ = mass element density V=mass element velocity B=mass element width Substitute equation [1.3.5] into [1.3.4] and knowing that V=rÃÆ' °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ and for ÃÆ' °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Æ’ [1.3.6] The tensile stress in the circumferential direction [1.3.7] The stress in a thin- ring rotor is: [1.3.8] It is observed that the maximum speed achievable by a flywheel rotor is limited by the strength of the material from which it is made. The critical speed of the thin ring rotor can be approximated as [1.3.9] Where is the material ultimate strength. From the substitution of equation [1.3.9] into [1.3.1], the specific energy stored in the rim is obtained [1.3.10] K= Flywheel shape factor (Typically 1 for uniform stress disc and 0.5 for thin ring) The dependency of the maximum specific energy stored in the flywheel on the specific strength of the material is thus observed. With the demand for high specific energy in flywheel rotor design, the use of suitable material is thus of paramount importance. Due to their high stiffness to strength, composite materials have successfully been established in flywheel rotor design. Fiber reinforced composites are particularly attractive for use as flywheel materials due to their high strength and low density (Takahashi et al., 2002) The use of composite materials in flywheel designs offer numerous advantages over metallic alloys, including weight and increased strength. This is due to the high tensile strength of the fiber reinforcement phase. In 1986, a composite flywheel rotor was developed by Potter and Medicott for used in vehicle applications. In 1995, the study by Curtiss, et al. shown that the composite Carbon fiber epoxy disc rotor is capable of a 38% higher rim speed or 91% greater rotor energy density than a rotor built of an isotropic high strength to weight ratio Titanium or steel alloys. The carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) flywheel proposed by Kojima, et al. (1997) shown that high-modulus graphite/epoxy filament wound composite flywheel is able to rotate at a higher speed. The polar woven flywheel by Huang (1999) was shown to possess weight savings features as well as the improvement in life and reliability of the total spacecraft system, and in 2002, the Multi-Direction Composite (MDC) flywheel systems was reported by Gowayed and Flowers. The MDC flywheel system studied employed a new approach to strengthen flywheels with additional reinforcement in the radial direction along with the typical hoop direction reinforcement. In fact, analytical and numerical approaches had over the years been presented to determine the stress, and displacement distribution of the rotor. With the increasing demand for high energy storage, flywheels in present applications are often designed for high angular velocities; and these correspond to large centrifugal loads and consequently a higher circumferential and radial stresses. And the determination of these stresses as well as the ply orientation became especially crucial. As early as 1977, Danfelt et al. published an analytical method for a hybrid multi-rim flywheel with ply-by-ply variation of material properties and based on the assumption of axisymmetry. The method by Danfelt was later extended by Tzeng (1997,2003) which accounts for viscoelasticity effects. In addition, the original method by Danfelt had also been supplemented by a series of researches by Ha with additional consideration of the interference between adjacent rims and varying fiber angles (Ha et al., 1998), the rim radii of numerous material lay- ups for a constant angular velocity (Ha et al. 1999b), residual stresses due to the curing process (Ha et al., 2001) and the subsequent research on a split- type hub (Ha et al., 2006). The effect of rim thicknesses and angular velocity was studied by Arvin and Bakis (2006) while Fabien (2007) studied the optimal continuous variation of fiber angle in a single-material rotor. Other than that, finite element approaches have also been used for stresses and displacement computations which, though computationally more demanding, have gained importance for the analysis and design optimization of flywheel rotors because of the greater modeling depth offer by such methods. It is also possible to assemble the flywheels as a hybrid with rims of different materials in a sequence of increasing ratio of stiffness per density value E/ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  for increasing radius, r (Arvin Bakis, 2006) using a method called ballasting. From their studies, with circumferential fiber reinforcement, the radial stress distribution is purely tensile with a maximum located approximately in the midplane between the inner and outer radii. But with two-material rotor, the radial stresses turn compressive in the region near the material interface due to the lower stiffness of the inner material which would result in greater expansion. A compressive stress minimum thus exists at the material interface, with two tensile stress maxima found close to the innermost and outermost radius. Despite the increase in circumferential stress level for the outer composite carbon/epoxy rim, such a condition still arises due to the lower radial stresses as a consequent of rotor strength inc rement. After all, composite materials are generally weaker in the transverse direction than in the longitudinal direction. As fiber reinforcement is typically aligned in the circumferential direction, radial tensile stress is often more crucial in comparison with the other mode of stresses due to the weaker strength in this direction. Thus, the dominating stresses are typically those of the circumferential and radial stresses. In this context, much effort had been invested to enhance the efficiency of the composite flywheel rotors by applying stress reduction methods. In view of this method, Danfelt et al. (1997) suggested a sandwich-like rim lay-up with a compliant material between the composite rims of one material to decrease interlaminar stress transmission. 1.2 Literature Review 1.2.1 Interlaminar stresses of Composite Laminates Interlaminar stresses arise when there are discontinuities in the load path, such as free edges and notches. (Wilkins, 1983). In particular, models with a significant amount of curvature. This is because the presence of high interlaminar stresses due to the effect of shell curvature could result in delamination and possibly failure of the laminate at a lower load than that predicted by in-plane failure criteria had they not been properly accounted for. (Edward, K.T., Wilson, R.S. and McLean, S.K. ,1989; Lagace, P.A., 1983) The accurate determination of interlaminar stresses are thus crucial in the design of laminated composite models as the interfacial surfaces of a laminate represent planes of minimum strength (Pagano, N.J. Pipes, R. B., 1973). Classical laminated plate theory (CLPT) was formed in conjunction with the kinetical assumptions of Kirchhoff classical plate theory by assuming a layerwise plane state of stress. However, 2-D CLPT theory alone is not sufficient to explain stress concentration phenomena in various lightweight constructions in aviation vehicle, such as the free-edge effect where full-scale 3-D and singular stress fields occur in the interfaces between two dissimilar layers along the free edges of thermally and/ or mechanically loaded laminates (Mittelstedt Becker, 2003) which decay rapidly with increasing distance from the laminate edge. Such stress localization problems is caused by the discontinuous change of the elastic material properties of the laminate plies at the interfaces and might result in premature failure of the laminate. This is thus an area of concern by designers and much researched has been done since the early 1970s, with the studies initiated by of Pipes and Pagano on the free edg e effects in laminated structures. Early analytic studies were conducted by Hayashi (1967) on edge stress effects consisting of anisotropic plies and adhesive layers transferring interlaminar shear stresses. In early 1970s, Pagano and Pipes also introduced approximation equations for interlaminar normal stresses in the interfaces and was expanded by Conti/ De Paulis in 1985 for the stress- approximation in angle-ply laminates and the calculation of interlaminar stress distribution through the laminate thickness. Whitney simple stress approximations in 1973 did not fulfill the continuity conditions in the interfaces, although Whitney assumption of products of exponential and trigonometric functions did fulfilled the equilibrium conditions and the given traction-free boundary conditions. Researches in the area of free edge effects were also done using various approaches by Tang and Levy (1975) with layerwise series expansion, Hsu and Herakovich (1977) with edge displacement fields in the form of trigonometric and exponential terms, Wang Dickson (1978) with the expansion of the displacement fields into series of Legendre polynomials. However, much discrepancy has been reported. In 1981, series expansions for the stresses in the inner laminate regions and in the vicinity of the free laminate edges by Bar-Yoseph/Pian.CLPT was recovered in the inner laminates with this zero-order approach and unknown parameters obtained by minimizing the laminate complementary potential. The subsequent work by Bar-Joseph used the principle of minimum complementary potential, leading to an eigenvalue problem. The approach used by Bar-Yoseph allowed the continuity of interlaminar stresses in the interfaces as well as the fulfilment of the conditions of traction free surfaces of the laminate. The force balance method by Kassapoglou/Lagace in 1986 and 1987 was developed. Stresses were assumed to consist of layerwise products of in-plane exponential terms and polynomials through the thickness with adjustments done on the thickness terms to satisfy the continuity of all interlaminar stresses in the laminate interfaces and such that they blend into CLPT in the inner laminate regions. Despite its simplicity, the force balance method exhibited good performance even for thick laminates and was thus further explored and refined by other authors. The effects of transverse shear and continuity requirements for both displacements and interlaminar stresses on the composite interface was accounted for by Lu and Liu in developing an Interlaminar Shear Stress Continuity Theory (ISSCT) capable of being used for finite element formulation (Lu, X., Liu, D., 1990). Through that particular theory, interlaminar shear stress could be obtained directly from the constitutive equations. But as the deformation in the thickness direction was neglected during the formulation of the theory, the interlaminar normal stress could not be calculated directly from the constitutive equations. Other than that, a small discrepancy between the results of theirs and that of Pagano elasticity solution in the interlaminar shear stresses small aspect ratios composite laminates was observed (Pagano, N.J. 1969). Although, rigidly bonded laminated composite materials models are always assumed in conventional analysis; but it must be noted that poor bonding and low shear modulus could result in a non-rigid composite interface. As a continuation of the ISSCT, Lu and Liu (1992) later developed the Interlayer Shear Slip Theory (ISST) based on a multilayer approach in investigating the effect of interfacial bonding on the behavior of composite laminates. The Hermite cubic shape functions was used as the interpolation function for composite layer assembly in the thickness direction, and the closed-form solution is obtained for the cases of cylindrical bending of cross-ply laminates with non-rigid interfaces. However, results shown that at some special locations, namely singular points, the transverse shear stress or in-plane normal stress remains insensitive to the condition of interfacial bonding. A closed- form solution was later derived by Lee and Liu (1992) for the complete analysis of interlaminar stresses for both thin and thick composite laminates subjected to sinusoidal distributed loading. The theory was proven to satisfy the continuity of both interlaminar shear stress and interlaminar normal stress at the composite interface and also the interlaminar stresses could be determined directly from the constitutive equations An accurate theory for interlaminar stress analysis should consider the transverse shear effect and continuity requirements for both displacements and interlaminar stresses on the composite interface. It is also advantageous if the formulation is variationally consistent so that it can also be used for finite element formulation. (Kant, T., Swaminathan, 2000) Using the first order shear deformation theory, the interlaminar stresses in laminated composite cylindrical stripes under dynamic loading are studied. Dynamic equations of equilibrium are solved by a combination of Navier approach and a Laplace transform technique. Dynamic magnification factor is calculated for the stresses and deflections for various types of loading and for different values of the geometric parameters. (Bhaskar, K. Varadan, T.K., 1993). Higher order layerwise theorectical framework has been used by Plagianakos and Saravanos (2008) in predicting the static response of thick composite and sandwich composite plates. The displacement field in each discrete layer through the thickness of the laminate include quadratic and cubic polynomial distributions of the in- plane displacements, as well as the linear approximations assumed by linear layerwise theories in addition to the Ritz- type exact solution used to yield the structural response of the thick structure. The formulation has been found to be especially robust in comparison to linear layerwise theory due to the number of discrete layers used to model the thick laminate through thickness and in the prediction of interlmainar shear stresses at the interface. In addition, the theory used also offers a better range of applicability due to the better accuracy offered. Over the years, many papers investigating the effects of interlaminar stresses had been published. The finite difference method with classical elasticity theory was used by Pipes and Pagani for determining the behaviour of finite width laminate in uniform axial strain and where interlaminar stress at the free edge is found to be of a significantly huge amount. Other studies soon ensued such as the perturbation solution techniques by Hsu and Herakovich, the finite difference method using large elements with complex stress field by Rybicki; and Wang and Crossman finite difference method, as well as the approximate analytical solution by Pagano and Wang and Choi. However, all of these studies involve the interlaminar stresses at the free edges of finite composite laminates. It is however, well acknowledged that interlaminar stresses arise such as to satisfy equilibrium at locations with in-plane stress gradients (Saeger, Lagace Dong ,2002), and material discontinuity within a structure is another source of arising in plane stress gradients, and therefore, interlaminar stress appear near the material discontinuities. (Tahani, 2005) Rose/ Herakovich, in 1993, further explore the force balance method of Kassapoglou/Lagace with the introduction of additional terms for the consideration of the discontinuous change of the elastic material properties in the interfaces and which accounted for the local mismatches in Poisson ratio and coefficient of mutual influence between adjacent layers. There are reported improvements in the resultant stress field. However, such improvements are also accompanied with a more demanding computational effort for the minimization of the complementary potential. In a similar study done by Kim/Atluri in 1995, thermal and mechanical loads were analyzed by assumed stress shapes which also accounted for both the local mismatches in Poisson ratio (similar to that of Rose/ Herakvich) and coefficient of mutual influence by applying respective mismatch terms in the stress representations. An approach that agreed to equilibrium demands and the given boundary conditions, the unknown stress functio ns were determined by application of the principle of minimum complementary energy of the laminate. The principle of minimum complementary theory was used by Bhat and Lagace (1994) to evaluate the interlaminar stresses at material discontinuities. In their analytical model, the laminate is formed by the merging of two area

Literature Review Format Essay

Literature Review This packet details the steps necessary to produce a literature review that may be required for work in various disciplines, including English, history and psychology. This packet is not intended to replace instructor guidelines and should not be used in that manner. The packet’s intended use is as a supplement to classroom instruction on assembling a literature review. Therefore, it contains only general information that must be tailored to fit specific guidelines as required by your discipline and by your instructor. This packet is subdivided into six sections: I. General Information States what a literature review is and what purpose it serves. II. Process Gives step-by-step instructions on how to get started on your literature review. III. Organization Explains the two most common ways of arranging information in a literature review. IV. Format Provides descriptions for two of the most common formats used in a literature review, the item to item comparison and contrast (Format A) and the criteria to criteria comparison and contrast (Format B). V. Checklist Allows appraisal of your completed literature review to assure that it follows all necessary guidelines. VI. Resources Lists helpful resources used to compile this packet so that you may obtain further information. General Information Definition Literature reviews can have two roles: In their first role, they function as a stand-alone paper. At other times they will actually be part of a larger research thesis. In this handout, literature reviews will be referred to in the stand-alone sense. As a stand-alone paper, literature reviews are multi-layered and are more formal and detailed than book reviews. As the author of a literature review, you must become familiar with a large amount of research on a specific topic. You will then develop your own thesis about the topic related to this research. After this, you will classify and critically analyze research on the topic by making a comparison between several different studies and by emphasizing how these studies and their comparison relate to your own thesis. In effect, a literature review is a paper that compiles, outlines and evaluates previously established research and relates it to your own thesis. It provides a context for readers as if they  Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 were researching the topic on their own. Just from reading your paper, readers should be able to gain insight into the amount and quality of research on the topic. Your thesis and the literature reviewed serve several important functions within the paper: †¢ Your thesis creates a foundation for the literature review because it helps narrow the topic by providing a sense of direction; however, you will have to conduct some initial research and reading before deciding on an appropriate thesis. Your personal thesis may be a statement addressing some of the following situations: â€Å"why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out† (Brightwell, G. and Shaw, J. , 1997-98), or it may present some other logical perspective. †¢ Reviewed literature is organized in a logical manner that best suits the topic of the review and the hypothesis of the literature (see Organization and Format). The selected method of organization and style of format should draw attention to similarities and differences among the reviewed literature; these similarities and differences are based on specific criteria you revealed in the literature review’s introduction. According to Brightwell and Shaw (1997-98), your goal in the body of the review â€Å". . . should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y’s theory more convincing than Researcher X’s? Did Researcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own [thesis]. † Additional information on these topics can be found in the Organization and Format sections of this packet. Therefore, carefully planned organization is an essential part of any literature review. Purpose Although literature reviews may vary according to discipline, their overall goal is similar. A literature review serves as a compilation of the most significant sources on a subject and relates the findings of each of these sources in a rational manner while supporting the literature review author’s own thesis. A literature review establishes which sources are most relevant to its author’s point and which sources are most credible to the discipline at hand. In a literature review, the results of previous research are summarized, organized and evaluated. Discipline-Specificity A literature review’s organization, format, level of detail and citation style may vary according to discipline because different disciplines have different audiences. Examples here pertain to the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. †¢ Natural and social sciences The author of a literature review in the natural or social sciences must pay close attention to measurements, study populations and technical aspects of experimental findings. Typically, a portion of the natural or social sciences literature review is set aside for reviewing sources on the primary topic. Then, a comparative analysis or discussion section is used to analyze the similarities and differences among the sources, tying them in with the literature review author’s original thesis. †¢ Humanities The author of a literature review in the humanities usually does not set aside a special section for reviewing the sources; instead, citations may be found randomly throughout the paper. The literature being reviewed is arranged according to paragraphs based on the author’s points, which in turn, support the author’s thesis. The paper itself may not be called a literature review at all. It is more likely to be called a critical analysis. Remember that the best bet for determining what type of literature review is appropriate for your course is checking with the instructor prior to beginning research. Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 REVIEW 1. What is the purpose of a literature review? What is the connection between the author’s thesis and the literature being reviewed? 2. What discipline will your literature review be classified in? Process 1. Find several articles that deal with your research topic. Sometimes it is helpful to review the bibliography of one of the first scholarly sources that you encounter and compare it to the bibliographies of other sources on the topic. If the same source is listed within several of these bibliographies, it is probably a fundamental, credible source that will aid you in your review. 2. Before you begin reviewing literature, realize that you are looking to accomplish two things: A. Defining your research problem/thesis (examples: finding a flaw in research, continuing previous research, etc . . . B. Reading and evaluating significant works that are relevant to your research problem. You will be conducting Steps A and B simultaneously because the two form a circular pattern. As you read related sources (Step B), you define your problem, and as you define your problem (Step A) you will more easily be able to decide what material is relevant enough to be worthy of reading (Step B). 3. Once you begin reviewing, make an entry with complete bibliographical information and comments for each work that you are going to include in the review. 4. Compare the articles by evaluating the similarities and differences among them. This will be the initial stage in the formulation of your thesis. 5. Form a thesis that is clearly written and can be logically supported by the literature you will include in your review. 6. View the articles briefly again and jot down any notes that seem to relate to your thesis. 7. Decide which organizational pattern and format are best for the topic of your review. 8. Construct an appropriate outline for the literature review. 9. Write an introduction that introduces the topic, reveals your thesis statement, and arranges key issues. 10. Organize and write the body of your paper according to the appropriate format: topical or chronological. 11. Write a conclusion that reconciles similarities and differences on the topic and reemphasizes the criteria used to arrive at this conclusion. 12. Complete the final draft of the literature review. Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 13. Check over the final draft for grammar and punctuation errors. 14. Use the checklist provided here to make sure that all parts of the literature review are addressed and focused. Establishing a Critical Response for a Literature Review You may find this section helpful at Steps 3, 4 and 5 of the process. When reviewing your sources, explore the following areas to help develop your critical response: What is the purpose of the research or work? What research or literary methods are used? How do the major concepts operate? In a research study, how accurate are the measurements? In a literary work, is the author’s position objective or biased? What are the different interpretations of the results of the study or of the literary work itself? REVIEW 1. What do you consider to be the most crucial step(s) in the process of your literature review? Why? Justify your response(s). Organization A literature review can be arranged either topically or chronologically. Topical organization occurs in reviews where previous research being evaluated is divided into segments with each one representing a part of some larger issue. In a topical review, the author begins by describing the characteristics of research shared by several studies and then moves on to analyze their similarities and differences. For more information, see the example below. Example The organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review about the effect of seating arrangements on peer tutoring communication, you would first introduce the topic and what your literature review will attempt to assess: †¦Writing centers can set the table for collaborative tutoring sessions through a careful consideration of spatial arrangement . . . Then state what angle is going to be explored: †¦These studies will be used to support the author’s claims that spatial arrangement is instrumental in encouraging collaborative environments in the writing center†¦ Then, arrange key issues that will be addressed in this review by answering questions that you have personally developed and are tailored to fit your topic. In the introduction, give the audience a clear picture of how you will organize your paper: Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 In the following, I1 first review some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discuss some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center. Finally, I include some other considerations. In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information topically around each point (or question) that you asked yourself: -Research Review -Recommended Spatial Arrangement -Alternative Spatial Arrangement -Other Considerations. Then, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings: †¦While the seating arrangements outlined above are generally a good ‘setting’ for peer tutoring sessions, we should remember that each tutoring session is unique. Not all students will be comfortable with a side-by-side spatial arrangement at a round table. Tutors should be perceptive of and receptive to students who may have other spatial needs†¦ Chronological organization occurs when a review is organized in time order and is most often used when a historical context is needed for discussing a topic from its beginning to its current state; chronological organization is  especially helpful when discussing inactive periods and shifts in perspective on a given topic. Example The organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review entitled Development of Social Science Research on Attitudes Towards Gender in America, you would first introduce the topic and what your review hopes to assess: †¦This literature review will assess the development of research designed to uncover gender attitudes in America during the latter part of the 20th Century†¦ Then state what angle is going to be explored: .. As research progressed throughout the 20th century, the methods that social scientists use for measuring these attitudes developed and changed as well†¦ Then, chronologically arrange issues that will be addressed in this review: Gender stereotypes still exist today, and varying attitudes can be traced over the past fifty years. Survey instruments used to gather data on these varying attitudes have also changed drastically over the course of time. In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information chronologically, adressing each point (or question) that is being asked for a particular time period: -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1950’s -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1960’s -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1970’s -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1980’s -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1990’s -Current Advancements Always clear the use of I with your instructor. An alternative to this would be the use of third person wording, such as â€Å"This paper reviews some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discusses some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center. † 1 Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 Then, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings: Although the survey instruments used in the 1950’s and 1960’s developed an obvious bias when surveying Americans regarding gender attitudes, the 1970’s brought about great change. Today social scientists are more careful than ever about testing the quality of a survey instrument before using it on the general public. Format There are also two suggested formats for composing your literature review. Format A is used when comparing several studies that have similar hypothesis but different findings. Each piece of research is summarized individually. Format A is good for reviews with a small number of entries; however, this format may confuse the audience when used with a large number of reviews because descriptions of so many studies may get in the way of the analysis. Keep in mind that each piece of research usually will not receive equal attention in the review. Format A Outline I. Introduction consists of four parts that are usually discussed in one paragraph. a. Identify the general topic being discussed. b. Mention trends published about the topic. c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literature review. d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating the literature review and rationalizing its organization II. Literature reviewed section is divided up according to study. a. First study is summarized and discussed. b. Second study is summarized and discussed. c. Third study is summarized and discussed. III. Comparative analysis acknowledges the similarities and differences between studies. a. Similarities (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed. b. Differences (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed. IV. Conclusion/Summary effectively wraps up the review. a. Summarize points of comparison or contrast among the works based on Section III of your review. b. Provide insight of relationship between the topic of the review and a larger area of study such as a specific discipline or profession Format B  organizes the literature review according to similarities and differences among research rather than by literature studied. In a review organized according to Format B, little background information on the literature being reviewed is given outright. Instead, it is worked into the body paragraphs of the sections on similarities and differences. The conclusion then uses these two sections (similarities and differences) to tie in points of comparison and contrast between the works. Format B better suits papers that are topically organized. Format B is outlined below. Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 Format B Outline I. Introduction consists of four parts usually discussed in one paragraph. a. Identify the general topic being discussed. b. Mention trends published about the topic. c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literature review. d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating the literature review and rationalizing its organization II. Similiarities within the research are discussed. a.  First similarity among research is discussed. b. Second similarity among research is discussed. c. Third similiarity among research is discussed. III. Differences in the research are discussed. a. First difference between research is discussed b. Second difference between research is discussed c. Third difference between research is discussed IV. Conclusion/Summary a. Summarize points of comparison or contrast between the works. b. Provide insight into relationship between the topic of the literature and a larger area of study such as a specific discipline or profession. The most important thing to remember when organizing a literature review is that it is not a list summarizing one work after another. The review should be organized into sections according to theme that are set apart by subject-related headings. REVIEW 1. Which format have you chosen for your literature review? Why? A Literature Review Checklist: Did I . . . . . . ? ? Establish a valid thesis based on the examined research ? State this thesis clearly in my introduction ? Define unfamiliar terms ? Incorporate background information to define the problem ? Begin each entry in the review with a complete bibliographical reference ? List and describe the hypothesis/thesis in each work reviewed Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 ? Describe the outcome of the work or the research ? Develop and incorporate my own comments, including response to the research, similarities and differences among literature reviewed, and reservations regarding author’s methods or conclusions ? Avoid overquoting ? Check for grammar and punctuation errors ? Correctly cite all references in uniform documentation style Resources Brightwell, G.  and Shaw, J. (1997-98). Writing up research. Retrieved August 20, 2002 from Languages and Educational Development at the Asian Institute of Technology’s Web page at http://www. languages. ait. ac. th/EL21OPEN. HTM Central Queensland University Library. (2000). The literature review. Retrieved July 22, 2003 from http://www. library. cqu. edu. au/litreviewpages/ Cuba, L. (2002). A short guide to writing about social science. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers. Leibensperger, S. (2003). Setting the table: Encouraging collaborative environments with spatial arrangement in the writing center. Unpublished literature review. Northern Arizona University. (1999). Electronic textbook – A blast from the past: Your literature review. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from http://jan. ucc. nau. edu/~mid/edr720/class/literature/blast/reading21-1. html Taylor, D. , & Procter, M. (2001). The literature review: A few tips on conducting it. Retrieved June 17, 2002 from http://www. utoronto. ca/writing/litrev. html Trinder, L. (2002). Appendix. The literature review. Retrieved August 27, 2003 http://www. uea. ac. uk/~w071/teaching/ppf/Appendix%20Lit%20Review. pdf The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center. (2001). Academic writing: Reviews of literature. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from http://www. wisc. edu/writing/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature. html *In traditional APA style, this section would be entitled â€Å"References† and would be listed on a separate page double-spaced. Due to space constraints in this packet, it has been formatted differently. Copyright 2003 by the Academic Center and the University of Houston-Victoria. Created 2003 by Candice Chovanec-Melzow. Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288.